Our group decided on this topic because we wanted to know more about the lives of the kings and queens years ago and thought this idea would work. Our topic is significant because Henry VIII’s behavior and decisions not only affected his responsibilities as king but also Elizabeth I’s rights and responsibilities as future queen of England. We will be looking at the details of King Henry VIII’s reign and Queen Elizabeth I’s reign and seeing how Henry’s actions affected Elizabeth’s ruling. To figure this out we will first look at Henry’s political decisions, religious decisions, and his multiple affairs with women, which all ultimately cause obstacles for Elizabeth in the future.
The research was first conducted by going through encyclopedia books and websites about Henry and Elizabeth. Then we analyzed the books and websites to find key points and facts based on our topic. Without having a question to base our research on we did not have a solid standpoint and got stuck. With the theme of rights and responsibility, we tried to base it on a cause and effect when it comes to Henry and his irresponsible ways. Once we came up with a question we were then able to continue the research with a more stable idea to base it on. From that point on we tried to answer some questions that helped us form six arguments for out project. By answering questions about Henry and similar questions about Elizabeth we would be able to compare the two ruler’s reigns and see how Henry’s actions affected Elizabeth. As we continued research, we were finally able to start piecing everything together forming more stable arguments. We were finding many articles and primary sources. Out research hit a problem when we could not find interviews. Everyone we contacted either said no, would not get back to us, or would say yes and then tell us they couldn’t help us after hearing the questions. We kept looking and trying to contact people but in the end we ran out of time and there was no one else to call. With that problem not changing we had to focus on making the project as best as we could to try and make up for the lack of interviews.
We chose to do a website because we thought it would be easiest for us to get our ideas and research organized and explained in the way that we wanted them to. We made sections of comparison and then cause and effects.
King Henry VIII’s irresponsible decisions and behavior caused many obstacles for Queen Elizabeth I affecting her rights and duties as a queen. Henry’s carelessness as a king led to many problems throughout the kingdom of England such as problems with religion, problems with Parliament, problems with foreign affairs, and problems with his own personal affairs. We will look at each of these points and show the effect it had on Elizabeth's right to the throne and her responsibilities as queen.
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Source (10)
England. King. Act of Supremacy. By Henry Tudor, VIII. London: n.p., n.d. Tutor History. Lara E.
Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source is the document King Henry declared in order for him to take over the church so that he could marry and divorce whenever he pleased. This is document is beneficial because this is the exact document from this time period showing us exactly what the document contains and because this act eventually down the line effects Elizabeth's reign especially since she wanted to be an independent monarch.(TM)
England. By Edward Hall. N.p.: n.p., n.d. ANNE BOLEYN'S SPEECH AT HER EXECUTION.
Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source speech reveals to us how poorly Henry treated Anne from her perspective. It also shows how she doesn't fight the law that requires her dead she only asks for God’s savior. This will help as a solid example of how Henry abused his powers causing Elizabeth's reign to be a struggle.(TM)
Smeeton, G. "THE TOWER OF LONDON, 1536." Letter. 1820. Charing Cross, Britain: n.p., 1820. N. pag. Internet Archive Way Back Machine. Web.
This source is from the letter Anne Boleyn sent to her then ex-husband King Henry. This letter is from when she was imprisoned in the Tower of London. In this letter she asks for forgiveness for the crime she committed and to give mercy to their daughter Elizabeth, who will be queen in the future). She asks for a fair trial for her crimes before she is executed. This source will be helpful because it gives us more detail on what happened to Elizabeth's mother while she was queen of England. This helps our project giving more background not just how she's Elizabeth's mom who was executed for an accusation of adultery and treason.(JM)
Eakins, Lara E. "THE SPEECH OF QUEEN ELIZABETH TO HER ARMY ENCAMPED AT TILBURY, 1588." Speech. Britain. Tudor History. Laura E Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
In this primary source Elizabeth gives an insightful speech to her army reassuring them God will protect them at war and although They are being put in devilish conditions, god will surely watch over them and protect them for she doesn't wish to cause her people to distrust her. Because of her father’s poor choices now there is a war Elizabeth must resolve but we can see based off of this speech she really cares for her people and strives to be a great ruler. This will help us with our thesis when we talk about Henry’s ruling style to Elizabeth’s.(AL)
Kingston, Sir W. "QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ON THE DAY OF HER EXECUTION FRIDAY, 19
MAY 1536." Letter to Thomas Cromwell. 19 May 1536. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Tudor
History. Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source is an excerpt from Anne's final words before her execution. Her joking manor of how small her neck is and her acceptance of her execution shows how she knows the king has full power over everything including the deaths of others whether right or wrong. There's also a sense of fear in her voice when she questions how much it'll hurt. This shows us the people's fear to challenge the king at this time knowing all the power he has over everything including the church now. This will help us explain what kind of a ruler he was compared to Elizabeth.(TM)
Bystander. "THE EXECUTION OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER MARCH 1556." Letter. N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Tudor History. Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source document discusses how the archbishop was wrongly accused of treason and for being an antichrist. He makes a speech before his execution discussing his strong value for Christ and how he is dying on false terms. This execution is the result of Henry abusing his power by making himself head of the church and treating others how he sees fit. This connects with our project because it shows us how Henry abused his power resulting in strain on Elizabeth's reign. (TM)
* Tudor, Elizabeth, I. "The Farewell Speech, 1601." Speech. The Farewell Speech, 1601.
Parliament, London. 30 Nov. 1601. Internet History Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, July 1998.
Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#The Farewell
Speech, 1601>.
This source was a speech given by Queen Elizabeth I on November 30, 1601 announcing it would be her last Parliament. This speech is later looked back as the “Golden Speech”. She starts it off by talking about how much she loves her country, her parliament members, her position and her people. She goes on to talk about how she loves being queen not because of the title but because of the responsibility she was given from god. She ends the speech by saying how she may not be the mightiest or the wisest queen that her people will ever have but that she is the most “careful and loving”. This speech was very helpful in that it showed a lot about how Elizabeth was a loving and caring ruler to her people compared to the ruthlessness of her father.(AL)
* Cranmer, Thomas. "Letter of Thomas Cranmer on Henry VIII’s Divorce, 1533." Letter to Mr. Hawkyns the Ambassador at the Emperor's Court. 1533. Original Letters of Illustrative of English History, including Numerous Royal Letters. Vol. 3. London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard, 1825. 34-39. Internet History Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, Nov. 1996. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.asp>.
This document was a primary source written by Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop that Henry had appointed to his newly founded church, about the King’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and the coronation of Anne Boleyn. Cranmer wrote about the details that had to be done in order for Henry to divorce Catherine and marry the pregnant Anne. He wrote about how he had to declare Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine invalid and how he had to continue with the coronation of Anne. He goes on to say that it was a lie that he had married them before the coronation and that there were many other lies about things he has done. This source will help us when we explain how Henry VIII manipulated his people and the church for personal gain. (AL)
* England. Queen. By Elizabeth Tudor, I. N.p.: n.p., n.d. On Religion, 1559. Internet History
Sourcebook, 1998. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#On Religion>.
This source is Elizabeth’s reply to English Bishops that wanted to continue with the pro-Catholic policies set by Queen Mary before her death. Elizabeth explains how the Catholic faith was harsh on the people that followed it and that it made the people liars because it was not the first church and she goes on to explain her belief. She ends by talking about how even though her father made the new church for selfish reasons there were many that went along with him and he enlightened the others while when her sister converted back to Catholicism it was because of Parliament. This is a helpful source because it will help us explain how when Henry changed the church the belief was passed down to Elizabeth as well.(AL)
* England. Queen. By Elizabeth Tudor, I. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Response to a Parliamentary Delegation
on Her Marriage, 1559. Internet History Sourcebook, 1998. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#Response to a Delegation on her
Marriage>.
This source is a response from Elizabeth to Parliament regarding her marital status. She speaks about how she does not need a husband to rule and that God has always been with her throughout her life and he will continue to guide her whether she is alone or not. She goes on to speak about how they cannot force her to marry because they think it is better for the kingdom because she will always put the kingdom first and she is better off ruling alone. She continues with talking about how there might be better heirs suited for ruling other than an offspring of her own. She ends by saying how she is fine with being known as the queen that died a virgin. This source will help us with our thesis when speaking about how Elizabeth dealt with her personal life and marriage.(AL)
Secondary Source 15
Clark, G. N., and J. N. Westwood. "King Henry VIII." The Illustrated History of Britain. New York:
British Heritage, S, 1983. N. pag. Print.
This book gives a decent summary of all Henry's affairs and mistakes as a ruler such as being so focused on his own relationship and personal problems. It also shows us how Henry had advisors, who made government decisions for him,this shows the authors were majorly bias to Henry's negative effects on Britain. Although they had great authority with government, if this ever mixed with his personal decisions they were automatically beheaded. With this book highlighting all the mistakes Henry made it makes it easy to compare and contrast with Elizabeth's reign with connection back to our thesis of how this affected her reign as an independent female monarch.
(TM)
"Elizabeth I." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. World History in Context.
Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This source is an article from an encyclopedia that talks briefly about Elizabeth's childhood, her siblings, and mostly about the political and religious responsibilities she had during her reign. It talks about her refusal to marry and not being able to produce an heir. It goes on to talk more in depth about the foreign relations she had to keep under control with Spain, France, and Ireland. This article was helpful with giving details about certain political situations Elizabeth had to deal with during her reign, specifically with France. It also helped show how much more serious she took her responsibilities as Queen than her father did as King. This information will be helpful when comparing the two and how they took on their responsibilities,helping us further our research.
(JM)
"Elizabeth I (queen of England)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.
Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This 9 page encyclopedia discusses explicitly to us Elizabeth's life from birth to death and her fight to keep her kingdom happy in despite of her father’s poor mistakes leaving the kingdom tarnished and economically declined. Although she had a passion for fashion but she never made her fathers mistakes by letting it take over her life. This shows helps answer our research question showing how Elizabeth differs from her father but yet his actions still make her rein a struggle. (JM)
2004, "Elizabeth I." Encyclopedia of World Biography., JOHN CANNON, "Elizabeth I." UXL
Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2003, "Elizabeth I (queen of England)." The Columbia
Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2013, and "Elizabeth I." World Encyclopedia. 2005. "Elizabeth I."
Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2004. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This source is an encyclopedia highlighting Elizabeth's life from birth to death including all her views and decisions made during her reign. It also gives a ton of details of the struggles Elizabeth faced due to the actions or choices made by her father King Henry VIII. It compared and contrasted a lot between their reins making it easier to connect back to our thesis. Not to mention the really good background it gave on the struggles she faced as an independent monarch at this time and all the positive changes she made. (TM)
"Henry VIII." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry>
This is an article from a website that gave a brief overview of whom Elizabeth was. It was helpful, in that it gave many details about the life of Elizabeth and Henry despite the articles short lengths. The article about Henry gave information about how he was a well liked prince before he became king and continues with information about his personal life. The article about Elizabeth gave us facts about her we had not yet seen from other sources, such as Philip II of Spain attacking England so that they would convert to Catholicism. It also explains who ended up ruling after Elizabeth which was Mary, Queen of Scots', son. It was a decent source for small facts but lacked feasible information on the topic. This source will be helpful when we talk about what kind of ruler Elizabeth was and how Henry seemed to care more about his personal life. (AL)
"Henry, VIII." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web.
18 Nov. 2013.
This sources is also an article from an encyclopedia speaking mainly about Henry's personal life and who he was as a ruler. This article talks extensively about how Henry went to extremes to marry and divorce his wives while trying to produce a male heir. He went as far as creating a new church so that he could divorce his first wife. The article goes on to talk more about his marriages and explains how selfish and ruthless he was as a ruler. This source was helpful for gathering information on his marriages which helps explain problems his children faced later in life. This will help explain what Henry did to affect Elizabeth’s future reign and how he did it. (JM)
"Henry VIII." Historic World Leaders. Gale, 1994. Biography in Context. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
This source is an article from an online database that was very helpful. It has a small timeline of important events that took place during King Henry's reign and talked much more about his youth and background than some of the other sources. The source does not cover all the way to his death; it only talks about his youth, becoming king, marrying his first wife Catherine, his creating of the Church of England and the birth of his son Edward. It does give more detail about these events rather than just touching upon them like other sources. This will help us to explain how and why Henry created the Church of England and how it affected Elizabeth in the long run. (AL)
"Henry VIII 1491–1547 King of England." Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Paul
F. Grendler. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 149-151.World History in
Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This encyclopedia brushes through Henry's life from early to death doing a decent job of explaining his 8 marriages/affairs and also the publics view before and after his reign. Before we see him as a ruler perfect in the eyes of the public,he was everything they dreamed of. But during his reign the public then realizes his superficial needs,wants,and desires making them realize they interpreted him wrong that he's actually a highly unfit ruler. Also it points of the exiles of many simply because he's unable to have a boy or because they disagree with his views. This source does a really good job of showing how the public viewed him before,during,and then after his reign and the choices he made causing them to feel the way he does.(TM)
"Henry VIII." Elizabethan World Reference Library. Ed. Sonia G. Benson and Jennifer York
Stock. Vol. 2: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2007. 119-127. World History in Context. Web.
18 Nov. 2013.
With this reference article taken from an encyclopedia this briefly shows all the effects Henry had on his daughter's reign due to his selfish self centered mistakes he made during his reign. Starting with his various affairs and marriages in search for a male heir because he was too afraid to challenge the church on having a female successor due to this time periods views on women not being capable of male tasks. But he didn't fear using his powers to take over the church so he could marry and divorce when ever he pleased and exile who he wanted for whatever reason. This helps with showing how Henry's actions such as overtaking the church later on effecting his daughter Elizabeth's reign. (JM)
"Henry VIII." Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This source gives a detailed description of Henry's life from his birth to deaths and how his decisions affected his people greatly and also how he transformed from great potential leader who was respected and loved by many to a self centered ego maniac who chose to exile and accuse women incapable of producing a son of infidelity and others who tried to go against him and his views. It got so severe he took over the church just to marry and divorce when ever he pleased.(AL)
Maccaffrey, Wallace. "Elizabeth I (England) (1533–1603; Ruled 1558–1603)." Europe, 1450 to
1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 2. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 247-250. World History in Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This is a source from an encyclopedia that talks about Elizabeth's religious policy and foreign relations. This source explains how Elizabeth restored Protestant worship and fixed the damage her father caused with England's religion. The article also talks in depth about the problems Elizabeth had with France and Mary, Queen of Scots. It explained her struggle with France wanting Mary to take Elizabeth's crown and how she ends up executing Mary. This source was helpful in supplying information about conflicts between Elizabeth and France and how she dealt with such conflicts.(JM)
* The Official Website of The British Monarchy. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensofengland/thetudors
elizabethi.aspx>
This source was a government website that gave us two articles that were relatively helpful. It was not that long and did not go into detail about many events but it did touch upon a lot of them. The article on Henry talked about his political and religious accomplishments which helped us understand how he dealt with his responsibilities. This article also went more in depth about the problems that Henry was having with the Catholic church and about how he built his navy. The article on Elizabeth was mostly about her political accomplishments while queen and the love her people had for her. This source was not extensive but did introduce more information about Henry and Elizabeth which will help us with our thesis so that we can compare their religious views and military involvement.(AL)
"Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources." Queen Elizabeth I: Biography,
Portraits, Primary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This website is full of primary source documents written by Elizabeth or to Elizabeth, these can show Elizabeth's constant effort to maintain her people's happiness. It also showed all her struggles economically due to her fathers fail as a great ruler and allowing greed to take over and consume him causing the economy to decline, leaving Elizabeth to rebuild.(TM)
Britain. By Elizabeth. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Queen Elizabeth's Proclamation to Forbid Preaching (1558). Web.
This source was about a proclamation made by Queen Elizabeth based on new religious policies. Elizabeth proclaimed that no one should preach, teach, or "give audience" to anything other than the Gospel or Epistles, and "to the Ten Commandments in the vulgar tongue, without opposition or addition of any manner, sense, or meaning to be applied and added; or to use any other manner of public prayer, rite, or ceremony in the Church". This source is almost an expert from the actual proclamation which is hard to understand but will still be helpful. This primary source shows us how Henry creating the Church of England will affect the future king/queen of England's decision on the country's religious beliefs.(JM)
Usherwood, Stephen, and Anthony Harper. "Henry Viii and Elizabeth." Reign by Reign: Ill. by
Anthony & Geoffrey Harper. London: Joseph, 1960. N. pag. Print.
Reign by Reign gives a brief summary of both Elizabeth and Henry's reign. Although it does a pretty good job of highlighting key main points of each of their lives from early to death, I feel it was rushed and smushed together and there could've been more detail involving each major point rather than just rushing through them. This way, the material could be better understood by the reader. Also the reader would be able to make clearer connections to events and how this affected Elizabeth greatly. But this book did have a lot of information that could help further answer our overall research question with comparing the two individuals.(TM)
Pictography
Act of Supremacy
http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/collections/common-prayer/act-of-supremacy/
Anne Boleyn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth I
http://beingbess.blogspot.com/2012/08/death-could-not-separate-them-how.html
Anne Boleyn on Day of Execution
http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/may-18-1536-the-day-of-annes-execution-dawns-or-does-it/
Boleyn Execution
http://getasword.com/blog/1471-medieval-execution/
Catherine of Aragon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_aragon.jpg
Catherine Parr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr
The Disgrace of Cardinal Wolsey
http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/Sightsandstories/YoungHenry/HenryandWolsey
Elizabeth I
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html
Elizabeth I Armada Portrait
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/10097502/Tudor-portraits-to-be-restored-at-National-Portrait-Gallery.html
Elizabeth and The Badge of Order
http://www.royal.gov.uk/Legacy%20Assets/unsorted%20images/elizabeth-I_lrg(101x128).jpg
Elizabeth I of England
http://www.easyarticles.com/Politics/History/64173-story-of-enthronement-of-queen-elizabeth-i-of-england.html
Elizabeth Kitchener Portrait
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/elizakitchener.jpg
Elizabeth I Portrait
http://tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/gallery2.html
Elizabeth I Portrait
http://www.historicalportraits.com/Gallery.asp?Page=Item&ItemID=696&Desc=Queen-Elizabeth-I-%7C--English-School
Elizabeth I Procession Portrait
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I._Procession_portrait_(detail).jpg
Family of Henry VIII
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family_of_Henry_VIII,_an_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession.png
Henry VIII After 1560http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/henry8parham.jpg
Henry VIII After Hans Holbein
http://www.royal.gov.uk/Legacy%20Assets/unsorted%20images/henry-VIII_lrg.jpg
King Henry VIII
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandKings.htm
Henry VIII
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/henry8face2.htm
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
http://kimberlyevemusings.blogspot.com/2011/01/secret-marriage-of-henry-viii-anne.html
Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/artwork/frank-o-salisbury/henry-viii-and-catherine-of-aragon--before-papal-legates-at-blackfriars1529/2590
Henry VIII Portrait
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-VIII-kingofengland_1491-1547.jpg
Henry Portrait
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_Ditchley_Portrait_after_Holbein.png
King Henry VIII Six Wives
http://queenaboleyn.blogspot.com/2013/03/was-anne-boleyn-henry-viiis-favorite.html
Poison
http://www.tampagov.net/dept_fire_rescue_public_education/information_resources/adults/poison.asp
Queen Elizabeth
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADarnley_stage_3.jpg
Queen ELizabeth Religion
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_I_by_George_Gower.jpg
Queen Elizabeth I
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_I_by_George_Gower.jpg
Queen Elizabeth I
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I_av_England
Roger Ascham
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ascham
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
http://tehomet.net/sixwives/
Spanish Armada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senyeres-Invencible-Plymouth.jpg
Supreme Head of the Church of England
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England
Thomas Cromwell
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/thomas_cromwell
Thomas Howard
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk
The research was first conducted by going through encyclopedia books and websites about Henry and Elizabeth. Then we analyzed the books and websites to find key points and facts based on our topic. Without having a question to base our research on we did not have a solid standpoint and got stuck. With the theme of rights and responsibility, we tried to base it on a cause and effect when it comes to Henry and his irresponsible ways. Once we came up with a question we were then able to continue the research with a more stable idea to base it on. From that point on we tried to answer some questions that helped us form six arguments for out project. By answering questions about Henry and similar questions about Elizabeth we would be able to compare the two ruler’s reigns and see how Henry’s actions affected Elizabeth. As we continued research, we were finally able to start piecing everything together forming more stable arguments. We were finding many articles and primary sources. Out research hit a problem when we could not find interviews. Everyone we contacted either said no, would not get back to us, or would say yes and then tell us they couldn’t help us after hearing the questions. We kept looking and trying to contact people but in the end we ran out of time and there was no one else to call. With that problem not changing we had to focus on making the project as best as we could to try and make up for the lack of interviews.
We chose to do a website because we thought it would be easiest for us to get our ideas and research organized and explained in the way that we wanted them to. We made sections of comparison and then cause and effects.
King Henry VIII’s irresponsible decisions and behavior caused many obstacles for Queen Elizabeth I affecting her rights and duties as a queen. Henry’s carelessness as a king led to many problems throughout the kingdom of England such as problems with religion, problems with Parliament, problems with foreign affairs, and problems with his own personal affairs. We will look at each of these points and show the effect it had on Elizabeth's right to the throne and her responsibilities as queen.
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Source (10)
England. King. Act of Supremacy. By Henry Tudor, VIII. London: n.p., n.d. Tutor History. Lara E.
Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source is the document King Henry declared in order for him to take over the church so that he could marry and divorce whenever he pleased. This is document is beneficial because this is the exact document from this time period showing us exactly what the document contains and because this act eventually down the line effects Elizabeth's reign especially since she wanted to be an independent monarch.(TM)
England. By Edward Hall. N.p.: n.p., n.d. ANNE BOLEYN'S SPEECH AT HER EXECUTION.
Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source speech reveals to us how poorly Henry treated Anne from her perspective. It also shows how she doesn't fight the law that requires her dead she only asks for God’s savior. This will help as a solid example of how Henry abused his powers causing Elizabeth's reign to be a struggle.(TM)
Smeeton, G. "THE TOWER OF LONDON, 1536." Letter. 1820. Charing Cross, Britain: n.p., 1820. N. pag. Internet Archive Way Back Machine. Web.
This source is from the letter Anne Boleyn sent to her then ex-husband King Henry. This letter is from when she was imprisoned in the Tower of London. In this letter she asks for forgiveness for the crime she committed and to give mercy to their daughter Elizabeth, who will be queen in the future). She asks for a fair trial for her crimes before she is executed. This source will be helpful because it gives us more detail on what happened to Elizabeth's mother while she was queen of England. This helps our project giving more background not just how she's Elizabeth's mom who was executed for an accusation of adultery and treason.(JM)
Eakins, Lara E. "THE SPEECH OF QUEEN ELIZABETH TO HER ARMY ENCAMPED AT TILBURY, 1588." Speech. Britain. Tudor History. Laura E Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
In this primary source Elizabeth gives an insightful speech to her army reassuring them God will protect them at war and although They are being put in devilish conditions, god will surely watch over them and protect them for she doesn't wish to cause her people to distrust her. Because of her father’s poor choices now there is a war Elizabeth must resolve but we can see based off of this speech she really cares for her people and strives to be a great ruler. This will help us with our thesis when we talk about Henry’s ruling style to Elizabeth’s.(AL)
Kingston, Sir W. "QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ON THE DAY OF HER EXECUTION FRIDAY, 19
MAY 1536." Letter to Thomas Cromwell. 19 May 1536. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Tudor
History. Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source is an excerpt from Anne's final words before her execution. Her joking manor of how small her neck is and her acceptance of her execution shows how she knows the king has full power over everything including the deaths of others whether right or wrong. There's also a sense of fear in her voice when she questions how much it'll hurt. This shows us the people's fear to challenge the king at this time knowing all the power he has over everything including the church now. This will help us explain what kind of a ruler he was compared to Elizabeth.(TM)
Bystander. "THE EXECUTION OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER MARCH 1556." Letter. N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Tudor History. Lara E. Eakins, 17 Apr. 2012. Web.
This primary source document discusses how the archbishop was wrongly accused of treason and for being an antichrist. He makes a speech before his execution discussing his strong value for Christ and how he is dying on false terms. This execution is the result of Henry abusing his power by making himself head of the church and treating others how he sees fit. This connects with our project because it shows us how Henry abused his power resulting in strain on Elizabeth's reign. (TM)
* Tudor, Elizabeth, I. "The Farewell Speech, 1601." Speech. The Farewell Speech, 1601.
Parliament, London. 30 Nov. 1601. Internet History Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, July 1998.
Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#The Farewell
Speech, 1601>.
This source was a speech given by Queen Elizabeth I on November 30, 1601 announcing it would be her last Parliament. This speech is later looked back as the “Golden Speech”. She starts it off by talking about how much she loves her country, her parliament members, her position and her people. She goes on to talk about how she loves being queen not because of the title but because of the responsibility she was given from god. She ends the speech by saying how she may not be the mightiest or the wisest queen that her people will ever have but that she is the most “careful and loving”. This speech was very helpful in that it showed a lot about how Elizabeth was a loving and caring ruler to her people compared to the ruthlessness of her father.(AL)
* Cranmer, Thomas. "Letter of Thomas Cranmer on Henry VIII’s Divorce, 1533." Letter to Mr. Hawkyns the Ambassador at the Emperor's Court. 1533. Original Letters of Illustrative of English History, including Numerous Royal Letters. Vol. 3. London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard, 1825. 34-39. Internet History Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, Nov. 1996. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.asp>.
This document was a primary source written by Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop that Henry had appointed to his newly founded church, about the King’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and the coronation of Anne Boleyn. Cranmer wrote about the details that had to be done in order for Henry to divorce Catherine and marry the pregnant Anne. He wrote about how he had to declare Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine invalid and how he had to continue with the coronation of Anne. He goes on to say that it was a lie that he had married them before the coronation and that there were many other lies about things he has done. This source will help us when we explain how Henry VIII manipulated his people and the church for personal gain. (AL)
* England. Queen. By Elizabeth Tudor, I. N.p.: n.p., n.d. On Religion, 1559. Internet History
Sourcebook, 1998. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#On Religion>.
This source is Elizabeth’s reply to English Bishops that wanted to continue with the pro-Catholic policies set by Queen Mary before her death. Elizabeth explains how the Catholic faith was harsh on the people that followed it and that it made the people liars because it was not the first church and she goes on to explain her belief. She ends by talking about how even though her father made the new church for selfish reasons there were many that went along with him and he enlightened the others while when her sister converted back to Catholicism it was because of Parliament. This is a helpful source because it will help us explain how when Henry changed the church the belief was passed down to Elizabeth as well.(AL)
* England. Queen. By Elizabeth Tudor, I. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Response to a Parliamentary Delegation
on Her Marriage, 1559. Internet History Sourcebook, 1998. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/elizabeth1.asp#Response to a Delegation on her
Marriage>.
This source is a response from Elizabeth to Parliament regarding her marital status. She speaks about how she does not need a husband to rule and that God has always been with her throughout her life and he will continue to guide her whether she is alone or not. She goes on to speak about how they cannot force her to marry because they think it is better for the kingdom because she will always put the kingdom first and she is better off ruling alone. She continues with talking about how there might be better heirs suited for ruling other than an offspring of her own. She ends by saying how she is fine with being known as the queen that died a virgin. This source will help us with our thesis when speaking about how Elizabeth dealt with her personal life and marriage.(AL)
Secondary Source 15
Clark, G. N., and J. N. Westwood. "King Henry VIII." The Illustrated History of Britain. New York:
British Heritage, S, 1983. N. pag. Print.
This book gives a decent summary of all Henry's affairs and mistakes as a ruler such as being so focused on his own relationship and personal problems. It also shows us how Henry had advisors, who made government decisions for him,this shows the authors were majorly bias to Henry's negative effects on Britain. Although they had great authority with government, if this ever mixed with his personal decisions they were automatically beheaded. With this book highlighting all the mistakes Henry made it makes it easy to compare and contrast with Elizabeth's reign with connection back to our thesis of how this affected her reign as an independent female monarch.
(TM)
"Elizabeth I." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. World History in Context.
Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This source is an article from an encyclopedia that talks briefly about Elizabeth's childhood, her siblings, and mostly about the political and religious responsibilities she had during her reign. It talks about her refusal to marry and not being able to produce an heir. It goes on to talk more in depth about the foreign relations she had to keep under control with Spain, France, and Ireland. This article was helpful with giving details about certain political situations Elizabeth had to deal with during her reign, specifically with France. It also helped show how much more serious she took her responsibilities as Queen than her father did as King. This information will be helpful when comparing the two and how they took on their responsibilities,helping us further our research.
(JM)
"Elizabeth I (queen of England)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.
Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This 9 page encyclopedia discusses explicitly to us Elizabeth's life from birth to death and her fight to keep her kingdom happy in despite of her father’s poor mistakes leaving the kingdom tarnished and economically declined. Although she had a passion for fashion but she never made her fathers mistakes by letting it take over her life. This shows helps answer our research question showing how Elizabeth differs from her father but yet his actions still make her rein a struggle. (JM)
2004, "Elizabeth I." Encyclopedia of World Biography., JOHN CANNON, "Elizabeth I." UXL
Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2003, "Elizabeth I (queen of England)." The Columbia
Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2013, and "Elizabeth I." World Encyclopedia. 2005. "Elizabeth I."
Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2004. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This source is an encyclopedia highlighting Elizabeth's life from birth to death including all her views and decisions made during her reign. It also gives a ton of details of the struggles Elizabeth faced due to the actions or choices made by her father King Henry VIII. It compared and contrasted a lot between their reins making it easier to connect back to our thesis. Not to mention the really good background it gave on the struggles she faced as an independent monarch at this time and all the positive changes she made. (TM)
"Henry VIII." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry>
This is an article from a website that gave a brief overview of whom Elizabeth was. It was helpful, in that it gave many details about the life of Elizabeth and Henry despite the articles short lengths. The article about Henry gave information about how he was a well liked prince before he became king and continues with information about his personal life. The article about Elizabeth gave us facts about her we had not yet seen from other sources, such as Philip II of Spain attacking England so that they would convert to Catholicism. It also explains who ended up ruling after Elizabeth which was Mary, Queen of Scots', son. It was a decent source for small facts but lacked feasible information on the topic. This source will be helpful when we talk about what kind of ruler Elizabeth was and how Henry seemed to care more about his personal life. (AL)
"Henry, VIII." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web.
18 Nov. 2013.
This sources is also an article from an encyclopedia speaking mainly about Henry's personal life and who he was as a ruler. This article talks extensively about how Henry went to extremes to marry and divorce his wives while trying to produce a male heir. He went as far as creating a new church so that he could divorce his first wife. The article goes on to talk more about his marriages and explains how selfish and ruthless he was as a ruler. This source was helpful for gathering information on his marriages which helps explain problems his children faced later in life. This will help explain what Henry did to affect Elizabeth’s future reign and how he did it. (JM)
"Henry VIII." Historic World Leaders. Gale, 1994. Biography in Context. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
This source is an article from an online database that was very helpful. It has a small timeline of important events that took place during King Henry's reign and talked much more about his youth and background than some of the other sources. The source does not cover all the way to his death; it only talks about his youth, becoming king, marrying his first wife Catherine, his creating of the Church of England and the birth of his son Edward. It does give more detail about these events rather than just touching upon them like other sources. This will help us to explain how and why Henry created the Church of England and how it affected Elizabeth in the long run. (AL)
"Henry VIII 1491–1547 King of England." Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Paul
F. Grendler. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 149-151.World History in
Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This encyclopedia brushes through Henry's life from early to death doing a decent job of explaining his 8 marriages/affairs and also the publics view before and after his reign. Before we see him as a ruler perfect in the eyes of the public,he was everything they dreamed of. But during his reign the public then realizes his superficial needs,wants,and desires making them realize they interpreted him wrong that he's actually a highly unfit ruler. Also it points of the exiles of many simply because he's unable to have a boy or because they disagree with his views. This source does a really good job of showing how the public viewed him before,during,and then after his reign and the choices he made causing them to feel the way he does.(TM)
"Henry VIII." Elizabethan World Reference Library. Ed. Sonia G. Benson and Jennifer York
Stock. Vol. 2: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2007. 119-127. World History in Context. Web.
18 Nov. 2013.
With this reference article taken from an encyclopedia this briefly shows all the effects Henry had on his daughter's reign due to his selfish self centered mistakes he made during his reign. Starting with his various affairs and marriages in search for a male heir because he was too afraid to challenge the church on having a female successor due to this time periods views on women not being capable of male tasks. But he didn't fear using his powers to take over the church so he could marry and divorce when ever he pleased and exile who he wanted for whatever reason. This helps with showing how Henry's actions such as overtaking the church later on effecting his daughter Elizabeth's reign. (JM)
"Henry VIII." Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This source gives a detailed description of Henry's life from his birth to deaths and how his decisions affected his people greatly and also how he transformed from great potential leader who was respected and loved by many to a self centered ego maniac who chose to exile and accuse women incapable of producing a son of infidelity and others who tried to go against him and his views. It got so severe he took over the church just to marry and divorce when ever he pleased.(AL)
Maccaffrey, Wallace. "Elizabeth I (England) (1533–1603; Ruled 1558–1603)." Europe, 1450 to
1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 2. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 247-250. World History in Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
This is a source from an encyclopedia that talks about Elizabeth's religious policy and foreign relations. This source explains how Elizabeth restored Protestant worship and fixed the damage her father caused with England's religion. The article also talks in depth about the problems Elizabeth had with France and Mary, Queen of Scots. It explained her struggle with France wanting Mary to take Elizabeth's crown and how she ends up executing Mary. This source was helpful in supplying information about conflicts between Elizabeth and France and how she dealt with such conflicts.(JM)
* The Official Website of The British Monarchy. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensofengland/thetudors
elizabethi.aspx>
This source was a government website that gave us two articles that were relatively helpful. It was not that long and did not go into detail about many events but it did touch upon a lot of them. The article on Henry talked about his political and religious accomplishments which helped us understand how he dealt with his responsibilities. This article also went more in depth about the problems that Henry was having with the Catholic church and about how he built his navy. The article on Elizabeth was mostly about her political accomplishments while queen and the love her people had for her. This source was not extensive but did introduce more information about Henry and Elizabeth which will help us with our thesis so that we can compare their religious views and military involvement.(AL)
"Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources." Queen Elizabeth I: Biography,
Portraits, Primary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
This website is full of primary source documents written by Elizabeth or to Elizabeth, these can show Elizabeth's constant effort to maintain her people's happiness. It also showed all her struggles economically due to her fathers fail as a great ruler and allowing greed to take over and consume him causing the economy to decline, leaving Elizabeth to rebuild.(TM)
Britain. By Elizabeth. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Queen Elizabeth's Proclamation to Forbid Preaching (1558). Web.
This source was about a proclamation made by Queen Elizabeth based on new religious policies. Elizabeth proclaimed that no one should preach, teach, or "give audience" to anything other than the Gospel or Epistles, and "to the Ten Commandments in the vulgar tongue, without opposition or addition of any manner, sense, or meaning to be applied and added; or to use any other manner of public prayer, rite, or ceremony in the Church". This source is almost an expert from the actual proclamation which is hard to understand but will still be helpful. This primary source shows us how Henry creating the Church of England will affect the future king/queen of England's decision on the country's religious beliefs.(JM)
Usherwood, Stephen, and Anthony Harper. "Henry Viii and Elizabeth." Reign by Reign: Ill. by
Anthony & Geoffrey Harper. London: Joseph, 1960. N. pag. Print.
Reign by Reign gives a brief summary of both Elizabeth and Henry's reign. Although it does a pretty good job of highlighting key main points of each of their lives from early to death, I feel it was rushed and smushed together and there could've been more detail involving each major point rather than just rushing through them. This way, the material could be better understood by the reader. Also the reader would be able to make clearer connections to events and how this affected Elizabeth greatly. But this book did have a lot of information that could help further answer our overall research question with comparing the two individuals.(TM)
Pictography
Act of Supremacy
http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/collections/common-prayer/act-of-supremacy/
Anne Boleyn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth I
http://beingbess.blogspot.com/2012/08/death-could-not-separate-them-how.html
Anne Boleyn on Day of Execution
http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/may-18-1536-the-day-of-annes-execution-dawns-or-does-it/
Boleyn Execution
http://getasword.com/blog/1471-medieval-execution/
Catherine of Aragon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_aragon.jpg
Catherine Parr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr
The Disgrace of Cardinal Wolsey
http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/Sightsandstories/YoungHenry/HenryandWolsey
Elizabeth I
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html
Elizabeth I Armada Portrait
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/10097502/Tudor-portraits-to-be-restored-at-National-Portrait-Gallery.html
Elizabeth and The Badge of Order
http://www.royal.gov.uk/Legacy%20Assets/unsorted%20images/elizabeth-I_lrg(101x128).jpg
Elizabeth I of England
http://www.easyarticles.com/Politics/History/64173-story-of-enthronement-of-queen-elizabeth-i-of-england.html
Elizabeth Kitchener Portrait
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/elizakitchener.jpg
Elizabeth I Portrait
http://tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/gallery2.html
Elizabeth I Portrait
http://www.historicalportraits.com/Gallery.asp?Page=Item&ItemID=696&Desc=Queen-Elizabeth-I-%7C--English-School
Elizabeth I Procession Portrait
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I._Procession_portrait_(detail).jpg
Family of Henry VIII
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family_of_Henry_VIII,_an_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession.png
Henry VIII After 1560http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/henry8parham.jpg
Henry VIII After Hans Holbein
http://www.royal.gov.uk/Legacy%20Assets/unsorted%20images/henry-VIII_lrg.jpg
King Henry VIII
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandKings.htm
Henry VIII
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/henry8face2.htm
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
http://kimberlyevemusings.blogspot.com/2011/01/secret-marriage-of-henry-viii-anne.html
Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/artwork/frank-o-salisbury/henry-viii-and-catherine-of-aragon--before-papal-legates-at-blackfriars1529/2590
Henry VIII Portrait
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-VIII-kingofengland_1491-1547.jpg
Henry Portrait
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_Ditchley_Portrait_after_Holbein.png
King Henry VIII Six Wives
http://queenaboleyn.blogspot.com/2013/03/was-anne-boleyn-henry-viiis-favorite.html
Poison
http://www.tampagov.net/dept_fire_rescue_public_education/information_resources/adults/poison.asp
Queen Elizabeth
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADarnley_stage_3.jpg
Queen ELizabeth Religion
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_I_by_George_Gower.jpg
Queen Elizabeth I
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_I_by_George_Gower.jpg
Queen Elizabeth I
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I_av_England
Roger Ascham
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ascham
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
http://tehomet.net/sixwives/
Spanish Armada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senyeres-Invencible-Plymouth.jpg
Supreme Head of the Church of England
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England
Thomas Cromwell
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/thomas_cromwell
Thomas Howard
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk